The aim of so it job is to study the outcome of breed and you will years toward eggs creation and also the eggs external and you can inner high quality when you look at the four Italian dual-goal breeds , at the start and many weeks later than just first weeks installing hobby you to occurred, correspondingly, at the end of june/start of fall as well as in cold weather, not as much as varying environment standards.
2.step 1. Animals and you will Rearing Conditions
Four Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), were considered for the research. The human body weight from mature ladies was step one.twenty five kilogram into the PP, 2.31 kg inside the Emergency room and you may step 3.05 kilogram into the RM and you can RL. Its origin ‘s the Veneto area (Italy): PP was an old regional reproduce; their origin is old back to the brand new XIX century, but no exact study to your the genetic origin occur. One other types are produced when you look at the Veneto during the 1950s: the new Er breed comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell breed) and Rhode Island (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas towards RM and you may RL types, Brown Orpington and you may White The united states, one or two brown eggshell breeds were utilized . Along with the adult lbs, such types differ inside their plumage colour: it’s golden in the PP, Er reveals erminate plumage, RM plumage is predominantly white having black extremities in several regions of the body, black feathers away from primaries and you will end and you can RL reveals an effective tawny plumage having black feathers regarding primaries and end. Most of the breeds (Shape S1) tell you single comb and you can set tinted eggshell eggs (Profile S2).
2. Product and techniques
Birds regarding per reproduce hatched meanwhile (second half away from elizabeth farm of your own Heart getting Poultry Biodiversity Conservation about Veneto region (they routinely offers up brand new rearing of these types too are you aware that egg creation to own incubation and you may brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching towards pubertal years and regarding the laying several months, and this started on avoid from summer towards beginning of autumn (Contour step one), according to the reproduce. Feeding, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you can prophylaxis methods had been a comparable with the four types, ever since off hatching with the avoid of the learnt months, that has been in , at the 53 days old. The fresh recently hatched chicks had been leftover indoors within the earliest cuatro months out of life, on an environmental temperature decreasing of 32 in order to 24 °C, around infra-red-colored radiation lamps, towards litter. On step 1.5 months of age, this new birds got free usage of backyard places, regarding springtime so you’re able to autumn and winter season. Each breed (60 hens) had totally free the means to access outside (5 m dos /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens lived non-stop, and to interior (cuatro https://internationalwomen.net/sv/medellin-kvinnor/ hens/meters dos ) space (wood shavings and straw litter, having perches and you may game feeders), mainly utilized to have installing eggs (collective nests) at nights; the bedroom (indoor and you will outside) open to for each and every breed is actually separated of the netting.
At the outset of putting (at about twenty two weeks of age into breed with prior to onset of laying), in September–October, according to breed, brand new photoperiod are pure and you can coming down, depending on the 12 months together with geographical status of your own demo route in Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd months (from 38 months of age, off December in order to 53 weeks of age), phony light was gradually increased (from inside the interior room, incandescent light bulb, on the sixty lux) to get good photoperiod out of 14L:10D. The fresh photoperiod is actually regulated of the a timer, therefore is accomplished by flipping on the latest light an hour or so just before dawn and you may shutting off it an hour immediately following sundown. The fresh new external environmental temperatures was 10 ± step three.cuatro °C and you will 11 ± step three.0 °C, respectively, into the first (from the beginning out-of October on prevent of November) plus the next (right from the start out of January on end out-of March) putting symptoms, if analysis to your yield results and you can eggs top quality was indeed obtained. The latest pet got offer libitum commercial feeds based on their mental stage (around three diversified commercial feeds inside the growing period). To the basic installing stage (26–33 days of age, around decreasing absolute photoperiod), in the event that breeds started laying, the wild birds got a commercial pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = nine.1%, Me = 13.seven MJ/kg), in the a proportion of just one:1. It is value remembering that, at this age, precisely the twin-purpose and shaded eggshell breeds presented a varying onset of putting and egg development rates, while this new hens belonging to the most other breeds of the new Maintenance Middle to possess Biodiversity and hatched at the same time of your studied breeds, for instance the light eggshell types, don’t start installing (Padovana breed) otherwise it presented a very scant putting craft (Polverara reproduce), never reaching the threshold out-of ten% hen–date eggs design. The reason behind the option of the fresh new Maintenance Center, not to play with a rss feed to possess laying hens throughout the this era, try on account of not forcing the new pullets to egg production through the a month having coming down temperature and you may photoperiod. The brand new wild birds expanded outside, not as much as favorable standards to possess skeletal fitness, walking around floor and you may around solar power rays. Regarding the back yard for each breed, the presence of lawn available to brand new birds was high throughout the new broadening months than simply at the start of putting, hence occurred after the summer season, if rain is scarce and you can did not support an excellent lawn regrowth. Of 38 so you can 53 months of age, and significantly less than broadening photoperiod, the hens had been fed a professional pelleted provide for installing (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kg, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted generally of maize and you can soybean.
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